2. Russian Federation
Foreign born population: 11.048.064
In 2013, more than 11 million foreigners lived in Russia making 7.7 percent of total population. The majority of migrants are born in former Soviet Union countries, mainly Kazakhstan, the country of origin of around two million migrants residing in Russian Federation. Unlike other countries, Russia mainly hosted migrants who are ethnic Russians born in other Soviet Union countries. Besides ethnic Russians, low skilled workers from Europe and Asia constitute a large share of the migrant community. For instance, 40 percent of construction workers are immigrants who usually come from Ukraine, Turkey, and Balkan countries. Similar to UAE, low-skilled employees work in shadow economy and experience multiple violations of their rights – from irregular payments to situations in which employers take workers’ passport to limit their movement. The studies estimate that only 9 percent of labor migrants never experienced any form of coercion like debt bondage, involuntary work, limited freedom of movement.
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