Corteva, Inc. (NYSE:CTVA) Q1 2024 Earnings Call Transcript

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Corteva, Inc. (NYSE:CTVA) Q1 2024 Earnings Call Transcript May 2, 2024

Corteva, Inc. isn’t one of the 30 most popular stocks among hedge funds at the end of the third quarter (see the details here).

Operator: Thank you for standing by. My name is Mark and I will be your conference operator today. At this time, I would like to welcome everyone to Corteva Agriscience First Quarter 2024 Earnings Call. All lines are been placed on mute to prevent any background noise. After the speakers’ remarks, there will be a question-and-answer session. [Operator Instructions] I would now like to turn the call over to Kim Booth, Vice President of Investor Relations. Please go ahead.

Kim Booth: Good morning and welcome to Corteva’s first quarter 2024 earnings conference. Our prepared remarks today will be led by Chuck Magro, Chief Executive Officer; and Dave Anderson, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. Additionally, Tim Glenn, Executive Vice President Seed Business Unit; and Robert King, Executive Vice President Crop Protection business unit will join the Q&A session. We have prepared presentation slides to supplement our remarks during this call which are posted on the Investor Relations section of the Corteva website and through the link to our webcast. During this call, we will make forward-looking statements, which are our expectations about the future. These statements are based on current expectations and assumptions that are subject to various risks and uncertainties.

Our actual results could materially differ from these statements due to these risks and uncertainties including but not limited to discussed on this call and in the Risk Factors section of our reports filed with the SEC. We do not undertake any duty to update any forward-looking statements. Please note in today’s presentation we’ll be making references to certain non-GAAP financial measures. Reconciliations of the non-GAAP measures can be found in our earnings press release and related schedules along with our supplemental financial summary slide deck available on our Investor Relations website. It’s now my pleasure to turn the call over to Chuck.

Chuck Magro: Thanks Kim. Good morning everyone and thanks for joining us today. We continue to be very pleased with the progress we’re making, executing our strategic plan, including items such as the Enlist technology, biologicals, increased investment in strategic innovation, and our productivity and cost actions. Today’s focus will be on our first quarter performance and also some insights into how we see the rest of the first half and year unfold. Let me start with the bottom-line. While the crop is not yet fully planted in North America, 2024 is playing out mostly as we expected. And so we are reaffirming our full year guidance, which we announced in early February and remain on track to meet our 2025 financial framework.

Globally, from an industry perspective, we have relatively constructive fundamentals. We continue to see record-setting demand for grain, oilseeds, feed, and biofuels. In order to meet this growing demand, farmers are investing in premium seed and crop protection technologies to enhance and protect yield. Our Seed business is having a very good start to the year. Organic sales are up 5% and price is up 6%, reflecting the value our seed technology consistently delivers to farmers. Our Seed order book reflects strong demand for our product lineup. We are planning to bring about 500 new products to the market this year with approximately 300 new seed hybrids and varieties. Factored into our guidance for the year is the fact that farmers in the U.S. are projected to shift planted area from corn to soybeans, resulting in a projected increase in soybean area of about 3.5%.

If current trends hold, about 60% of all U.S. soybean acres will be planted with our Enlist technology in 2024 quite an impressive feat in less than five years where we continue to be the number one selling soybean technology in the U.S. On the Crop Protection side, ample supply and residual effects of destocking are creating a more competitive environment. This is coupled with farmers making their purchases much closer to the application window, resulting in a delay in volumes. But all signs point to volume growth in the second half, particularly in Latin America as the channel inventory imbalance in remaining regions is expected to stabilize. At a high level, our Crop Protection business has made significant performance improvement since 2021.

By the end of 2024, we anticipate that we will have added $1 billion of new products in biological sales, exited $500 million of lower-margin products, and improved EBITDA margin by about 200 basis points in that three-year timeframe. Our differentiated crop protection portfolio will continue to create new pathways to value creation, and this has been strengthened by our industry-leading biological business. As a result of targeted portfolio actions and strategic investments in fast-growth market segments, our portfolio differentiation mix has grown from about 50% to an estimated 60% in 2024. We also continue to execute on the optimization of our global crop protection asset footprint, where we are estimating annual run rate savings of $100 million by 2025.

As I said, we expect the crop protection industry to return to volume growth in the second half. Mixed enrichment driven by our new products and biologicals, as well as the cost actions I mentioned, will drive margin improvement in our crop protection business in 2024. A final point on controlling the controllables. In 2024 and again in 2025, we’re still expecting to see between $350 million and $450 million of benefits from our self-help levers. These actions continue to drive value creation for the company and are providing margin enhancement throughout the ag cycle. Finally, I’d like to note that in about a month, Corteva turns five. We’ll be celebrating not only our fifth anniversary, but also the impact we’ve had on farms around the world over that time and the value that impact has created for farmers, for shareholders, and for the world at large.

It’s been a remarkable journey in which we rolled out more than 1,500 new next generation products and technology to our 10 million global customers. I’m proud to say that together with our 23,000 employees, we’ve built one of the most competitively advantaged agricultural technology portfolios in the industry, and we remain optimistic about the future of agriculture and the future of Corteva. With that, let me turn the call over to Dave.

Dave Anderson: Thanks, Chuck, and welcome everyone to the call. Let’s start on Slide 5, which provides the financial results for the quarter. As Chuck said, and you can see from the numbers, the results for the quarter were largely in line with expectations, with both sales and operating EBITDA down from prior year. Organic sales were down 6% compared to last year, with seed growth offset by crop protection. Seed volume gains in the first quarter in North America were offset by seed volume declines in all other regions. And as expected, crop protection volumes were down double digits against a strong first quarter of 2023 comparison. We’re obviously pleased to report another first quarter with more than $1 billion of operating EBITDA, in part due to benefits from improved net royalty expense and productivity savings.

A farmer in overalls, harvesting a golden cornfield with a tractor in the background.

However, operating EBITDA was down 16% compared to prior year, and EBITDA margin for the quarter was 23%, or down approximately 200 basis points versus prior year, with margin expansion in seed offset by crop protection headwinds. Let’s go to Slide 6 and review sales by segment. Seed net sales were up 2% to nearly $2.8 billion. Organic sales were up 5% on broad-based pricing gains as we continue to price for value. And global seed pricing was up 6%, with gains in every region and across the portfolio. Seed volumes were down 1% versus prior year. Gains in North America driven by mild weather and strong execution were offset by declines in other regions. Notably, volumes in EMEA were down due to delays in demand associated with unfavorable weather.

Crop protection net sales were down 20% in the quarter versus a strong first quarter in 2023. The sales decline was driven by residual impacts of destocking in EMEA in Latin America and the shift to just-in-time purchasing in North America, pushing sales out closer to the application window, which is largely in the second quarter. Crop protection volumes were down 18% in the quarter, including the impact of strategic product exits. Pricing was down 3% compared to prior year, driven by competitive pressures and tight channel inventory management. Crop protection pricing in EMEA was up 4%, largely in response to currency impacts. Slide 7 illustrates the significance of the last week of March for seed deliveries in the US. With mild weather in much of the United States during March, pioneer seed deliveries tracked ahead of prior year, putting 2024 closer in line to the first quarter of 2021 and 2022, which we would consider a normal delivery pattern versus last year’s delays.

The favorable product mix coupled with seasonal price increases translated to a strong Seed operating EBITDA margin for the quarter, approximately 300 basis points above last year. With that let’s go to Slide 8 for a summary of first quarter operating performance. For the quarter, operating EBITDA was down approximately $200 million to just over $1 billion, again largely in line with expectations. Pricing gains coupled with improvement in net royalties and productivity actions were offset by volume declines and cost and currency headwinds. The $22 million of cost headwinds in the quarter was related to higher Seed commodity costs and modest Crop Protection inflation on input costs reflecting the sell-through of higher cost inventory. Importantly based on raw material purchases, we still expect to deliver approximately $100 million of savings for full year 2024 from Crop Protection input cost deflation.

SG&A for the quarter was up approximately 1%, primarily from a full quarter of SG&A from the Biologicals acquisitions. Excluding acquisitions SG&A was down more than 2% versus prior year as we maintain disciplined spending. With that, let’s go to Slide 9 and transition to the setup for the remainder of the year. I want to share the key assumptions for the first half and second half of 2024. We expect sales for the first half to be down low-single digits, with EBITDA flat to slightly down versus last year. Seed is expected to continue the momentum from first quarter and deliver solid growth in the first half of the year led by North America on a strong product lineup. Crop Protection will continue to experience impacts from the shift to just-in-time demand and residual destocking and will likely be down in the first half of 2024 compared to the prior year.

Both Seed and Crop Protection are expected to experience cost headwinds through the first half of the year related to higher Seed commodity costs and Crop Protection input costs. These market-driven cost headwinds will be partially offset by benefits related to reduced net royalty expense and also productivity actions. SG&A and R&D investment are both expected to modestly increase in the first half of 2024 compared to last year. Now turning to the right side of Slide 9, regarding the second half of the year. We expect double-digit sales and EBITDA growth, driven primarily by Crop Protection, partly as a result of the comparison to 2023 second half, where volume and price combined were down 16% from 2022. In Seed, we expect a rebound in Brazil safrinha corn area after a reduction in the 2023, 2024 season, due mostly to weather.

We expect Seed results in the second half to be in line with historical pattern meaning likely a small EBITDA loss in the second half. Crop Protection volume gains will drive much of the growth in the second half with pricing expected to remain challenged. We expect Crop Protection volume growth in the second half to be enabled by some market stabilization in Latin America. Our base case assumption is for a volume uptick year-over-year in Brazil led by new products, Spinosyns and Biologicals. And available data suggests, channel inventories are trending down in Brazil. While they’re still higher than historical average inventory levels have come down versus 2023 year-end. So the channel is making progress towards a more normalized inventory level.

And the demand at the farm gate in Brazil remains healthy and the expected increase in planted area supports additional Crop Protection applications. So the second half outlook for Biologicals growth is largely driven by Stoller, which has a strong market position in Brazil. We expect to see input cost deflation in Crop Protection, during the second half of the year. Coupled with productivity and cost actions including benefits from the footprint optimization project, we anticipate a cost tailwind for crop protection. And as a reminder, we expect an increase in SG&A spend in 2024, driven by normalized bad debt and compensation accruals. We also continue to increase the investment in R&D. So the balance of improved market conditions and continued execution on controllables will drive second half growth.

Together with the roughly flat first half and double-digit second half EBITDA growth, we remain on track for full year 2024 operating EBITDA guidance in the range of $3.5 billion to $3.7 billion, but the path will be a little different than our original assumptions. Specifically in addition to more volume growth, we now expect total company pricing to be slightly down for the year with Crop Protection pricing more than offsetting the low single-digit price gains in Seed. And while we’re expecting total cost to be marginally higher for the year, an increase from our original assumption we remain on track to deliver savings on our controllables, $100 million reduction in net royalty expense, $100 million in Crop Protection input cost deflation and $200 million from productivity and cost actions.

So let’s now go to slide 10 and summarize the key takeaways. First operating EBITDA performance for the first quarter was in line with expectations led by the strength of the Seed business. And while first quarter 2024 results were down versus prior year, we remain on track to deliver our full year 2024 guidance including sales and earnings growth. And after our standout performance in 2023 the Seed business momentum continues in the first half of 2024 driven by pricing for technology and continued reduction of net royalty expense. Looking forward to the second half of the year, Crop Protection cost actions and some market improvement will drive much of the growth. And finally, the strong first quarter cash flow result supports our ability to deliver at the midpoint of our free cash flow guidance of $1.75 billion or approximately 50% conversion.

And with that, let me turn it over to Kim with an announcement about a significant upcoming event. Kim?

Kim Booth: Thanks, Dave. We’re excited to announce that our 2024 Investor Day will be held on November 19 in New York City. The management team will provide updates on the company’s strategy and financial targets along with highlights showcasing our innovation and pipeline. We look forward to seeing many of you at this event in November. Now let’s move on to your questions. I would like to remind you that our cautions on forward-looking statements and non-GAAP measures apply to both our prepared remarks and the following Q&A. Operator please provide the Q&A instructions.

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Q&A Session

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Operator: Thank you. We will now begin the question-and-answer session. [Operator Instructions] Thank you. Your first question comes from the line of Vincent Andrews from Morgan Stanley. Please go ahead.

Vincent Andrews: Thank you and good morning, everyone. Chuck and Dave thanks for all the updates on the first quarter. Could you help us just understand your confidence and the line of sight you have in sort of bridging the first quarter to the second quarter to make that half. Clearly the Seed order book you’ve got a good line of sight on but maybe talk a little bit more about your confidence on the Crop Protection side? Thanks.

Chuck Magro: Yes. Good morning, Vincent. So let me start. I’ll give you the backdrop and then Dave can help you with the bridging. So first of all let me say that we’re still feeling good about the ag economy. We’ve got record demand. On-farm demand looks very steady and healthy and generally speaking and this is a broad statement farmers are still making money. We’re — they’re off their peaks of course. But this is a pretty healthy macroeconomic environment for them to be operating in. I’d say the other thing that is trending well for us is we’re feeling quite good about what we call controlling the controllables. So this notion last year if you recall 2023 we removed about $500 million from self-help in terms of cost reduction productivity improvements, royalty improvements.

So this year we’re targeting $350 million to $450 million. And a lot of that is coming together quite nicely. And then if you just look at the Seed business, it’s having a very strong year especially what I’d say out of North America and the business continues to grow organically and I think that’s quite important as we bring in new technology and that technology of course is being — had quite a high uptake on the farm. So I think given that backdrop when we look at it, we felt it was important to look at the full year first of all and we think the year is unfolding pretty much as we expected. So the $3.5 billion to $3.7 billion would hold. And then looking even past 2024 into 2025, the value creation framework we laid out we still feel very comfortable about that.

Dave, do you want to now talk a little bit about the quarter one, quarter two and the bridging?

Dave Anderson: Sure. Good morning, Vincent. So it’s really a continuation of some of the themes that we talked about for the first quarter including the strong North America seed despite the anticipation, obviously, of reduced corn acres. But that’s going to continue to be very positive. We’re going to see the flow-through and the benefit of that in terms of first half results. There’s some improvement that’s anticipated in the Crop Protection business, but we’re still as I mentioned I think in the prepared remarks expecting crop to be down both revenue and EBITDA on a year-over-year basis. So we’re going to finish second quarter is going to be an improvement in the trend line on Crop Protection in terms of the variance from prior year, but not enough to offset that first quarter so the first half will have — will be down in that segment on a year-over-year basis.

As you know we’ve got only modest improvement included and expected for the biologicals business that’s really going to be much more significant in the second half. The other thing is in terms of the benefit of cost deflation and particularly on the Crop Protection side as you know that’s really weighted to the second half as well. So the bridge if you will to the first half is really for the most part a continuation of the themes that we experienced in the first quarter. And then the second half, it really becomes much more of a volume story for both seed and crop in much more of the productivity and the live-through if you will of the deflation benefit that we anticipate of Crop Protection. So hopefully that’s helpful. And by the way just as a reminder just in terms of our overall guide and kind of a restatement for context is that we’re anticipating again we stated this at the beginning of the year and we affirm that in our conversation or comments earlier, which is around an 80/20 if you will split in terms of EBITDA for the first half.

So think of that as flat to slightly down for the first half.

Vincent Andrews: Thank you.

Operator: Your next question comes from the line of David Begleiter from Deutsche Bank. Please go ahead.

Unidentified Analyst: Hi. This is [indiscernible] here for Dave. Can you just talk about the pricing dynamic in US soybeans this year, and how competitive it is and if you’re seeing any pressure?

Dave Anderson: I’ll turn that over to Tim.

Tim Glenn: Yes. I mean, my first answer is always the markets are always competitive. So no question about that. And we operate our branded business especially at the high end of the market. We’re selling a premium product top performance. And so I don’t know if I’d say it’s any more competitive than what it typically is. But soybeans are more so than corn in recent years competitive and there’s always lower cost options in the marketplace. So I think our teams have done a very good job of creating demand and filling that order. I think we’re, obviously, continuing to be focused on getting paid for the value that we deliver to our customers. And we’re fortunate we work with a group of customers who appreciate that value and we’re going to continue to focus on it. But my answer is, it’s competitive, it’s always competitive. There are always lower-cost alternatives but farmers are very, very interested in planting high-performing products.

Operator: Your next question comes from the line of Joel Jackson from BMO Capital Markets. Please go ahead.

Joel Jackson: Good morning. Maybe to ask a bit of a strategy question on seeds. So we’re all aware of what’s going on with dicamba in the US, you’re obviously a seed player who produces seed with the different trades your own Enlist variations and Xtend variations and Flex. What strategically do you do here? What is your view on what will happen to dicamba for 2025, and for the rest of the year? How does that affect your own Seed-Growing Strategy now, when you are contracting out seed growers this year? Are you going to increase your usual set of seeds, so you have different variations across the tenant list? Or are you going to maybe talk about what you do in this uncertainty. Thank you.

Chuck Magro: Yeah. Good morning, Joe. Let me give you the overall context from a Seed Strategy and then Tim can answer the question on sort of the current dynamics, and what we’re finding from an order book perspective. So we said it already a couple of times today. I think we’re very pleased with the Seed performance. And we are expecting growth again in 2024 in margin expansion. And it’s really coming down I think for us. We have shifted our strategy. And it’s been a long investment over some time. But when you’re launching 300 new Seed Hybrid and varieties almost every year and we’re able to price for that value that farmers are seeing in terms of productivity and yield and disease resistance, insect resistance I think that’s the best of all worlds for all the players here.

So our strategy simply put, we’ve moved away from being sort of a Net Technology purchaser to a Net Technology seller. And the out-licensing is still small, in terms of revenue, but it is ramping up. And Enlist would be our first sort of franchise that we’re really getting momentum there, and we’ve got lots of partners that are buying that technology now. Canola and Corn are ramping up nicely. And we like that overall Seed strategy. And we’ve communicated that even this year we’re expecting another $100 million of net benefits in terms of lower net royalties, and this is that journey to neutrality that we said we would be on towards the end of the decade. I’ll turn it over to Tim now. But just one last comment, we really haven’t seen lower costs flow through the Seed business yet.

And we said that that wouldn’t happen until most likely in 2025. We’re still on plan for that. So you’ve got this wonderful business that is selling technology, but eventually you’re going to see some lower COGS as well as that works through our hedges and how we kind of manage the cost of product we have to in 2025 and in 2026. So there’s some new and exciting things that will come. And we’ll talk more about that at our Investor Day in September. But Tim, maybe the current order book and the dynamics you’re sensing in the marketplace.

Tim Glenn: Yeah. I mean it’s certainly one of the things that we’ve been looking at closely for the last several months as the questions around what the future of dicamba label looks like. So again just to reiterate this year, I’d say that the decision had a very minimal impact on what was planted this year. So in terms of the commercial crop that farmers are planting by and large when the decision was made on the dicamba label, seed was purchased, it was probably paid for. And I think the market felt like that there was an adequate supply of dicamba in the channel for those who want to spray. Going into next year, clearly, it’s some big questions to answer there. First thing I’d say is it is still too early to speculate on how the market fully plays out given the uncertainty of whether dicamba has a label or if they do what it looks like in terms of over-the-top applications on the soybeans.

So we’ve stayed close to our customers and tried to gauge what their impacted or what their thoughts are there. For those customers who were still planting Xtend soybeans and in that camp of technology, I’d say that they kind of fell into three places. There were some who are saying “I’m done. I’m ready to switch.” And I would anticipate that part of the market is going to — will shift to Enlist as we go into next year. There are some who are going to stick with it in anticipation that there will be opportunity to use Dicamba in the future and they’re satisfied with the products and want to stay there. And I’d say, the majority of farmers are probably stepping back and looking at the situation and playing a wait and see. They’re months away from having to make a decision on seed purchases.

And so they’re going to wait and see what that looks like, what that field looks like going forward. In terms of what it meant for our decisions on seed planting, as we plant our Seed Crop right now we always plant with the opportunity for some upside on demand never quite certain how the weather is going to play out and impact your supply. So I would say we’ve taken an approach where we will have upside on our B-Series and A-Series products if the demand is there going forward. So we’re positioned well for that. And you got to remember that there’s over 100 licensees, who have access to the technology very supportive. And no doubt, collectively, I would say that as seed producers we’ve all taken a position where I would expect that there will be some upside supply should demand switch.

But it’s one of those things that we all got to kind of sit back, wait and see. We are obviously staying close to our customers. We will continue to go out there and help them understand the value of our technology. And I think as we get into the seed selling season as we go into, say, September, October, November of next year, farmer is going to be faced with that critical decision based off of what the opportunity for using dicamba and season looks like.

Operator: Your next question comes from the line of Kevin McCarthy of Vertical Research. Please go ahead.

Kevin McCarthy: Yes. Thank you, and good morning, everyone. We’ve been reading in recent weeks about the proliferation of corn stunt disease in Argentina. So I was wondering if you could talk about whether that might have any impact on Corteva either directly through insecticides or indirectly through corn market dynamics. And part of the reason I ask is, when we look at your Crop Protection volume trends by product line, there’s quite a wide divergence or was in the quarter. Looking at insecticides, down 5% versus 25% for herbicide. So, maybe you could just kind of speak to the breadth of those numbers. Thank you.

Tim Glenn: Hey, Kevin, this is Tim. Let me talk — let me address it from the seed standpoint first. Obviously, this is an emerging issue and it’s I’d say it’s rapidly escalated as we’ve gotten later into the growing season. And it’s impacted — clearly impacted farmers’ yields. And I think that’s what’s being reported today. And we’re still in the middle of harvest, so I can’t speculate on what the impact is on the grain harvest. I won’t even try to go there. We do have experience with corn stunt. It’s the same issue we’ve dealt with in Brazil for the last several years. I just — I’d say we know that there’s always been presence of leafhoppers in Argentina, so it’s never materialized where it became a commercial issue. And so from this year’s standpoint, I would say we’re good from a seed production standpoint.

Our seed crop was not impacted by corn stunt, but clearly, some farmers were. And so we’re going to continue to work with our customers. We are in the field right now, working closely as farmers harvest the crop. Obviously, we’re going to have to continue to work with them as they go and make their next season’s decisions. The planting window in Argentina is pretty wide. You can have early planted corn, say, in September, all the way through the end of the calendar year. And so farmers have to evaluate what this means for their operations and whether they will plant the same level of corn as they do last year. Roughly speaking, Argentina is 8 million hectares of corn. It’s very important. 70% of that goes into the export market, more or less and so — yeah, I think the risk from a seed standpoint is how many hectors of corn do they plant as they get into that window, say, late third quarter and into the fourth quarter.

And I would anticipate that farmers are going to kind of sit back and wait and see what the populations of the leafhoppers are and evaluate what that environment is as they get closer to making those decisions. And so I’m going to pass it to Robert to talk about the impact on the insecticide portfolio.

Robert King: Thanks, Tim. The herbicide stores, you got to start with, our portfolio has shifted over this time, the exit of several molecules, glyphosate being one of those. The second thing around that is Q1 2023 was a record herbicide quarter for our company. Couple that with two things. North America is really a timing. Enlist continues to be in really high demand. It will be up for the full year. Keep in mind, there will also be added acres in soybeans. But it’s a very trusted technology by the growers, and it’s something that we see that will continue to grow this year. Overall, its volume for the season is in line. Keep in mind, we had a pretty good load in Q4 of last year. So when you track it for a season of the crop, we’re in line with where we need to be.

So that one jack-up on timing. In Europe, think about what the weather that’s been going on there, specifically in Northern Europe. So we’re behind on some applications for serial herbicides. And that’s something that we think will work out through the year. But there’s also a few acres short of wheat that was planted there this year as well. You roll that together and it begins to tell the story that we’re really in a good place for herbicides as we look at it on the crop year, and we expect everything to be in line for the full year. And then keep in mind as you talked about — you asked about our insecticides in comparison to that. This one is really a testament to the Spinosyns franchise. And the strengths that technology brings, it continues to perform better than the market.

And it’s something that the growers are pulling as it’s a technology that gives them advantage on the farm. So hopefully that helps.

Operator: Your next question comes from the line of Frank Mitsch from Fermium Research. Please go ahead.

Frank Mitsch: Good morning and I do love the graphic for the Investor Day. Dave, you indicated that your royalties are expected to be $100 million benefit for 2024. We’re over $30 million as we are in 1Q. Should we think about that $100 million being a floor with potential for greater benefits impacting 2024? And then also, I don’t recall any comments regarding FX which was fairly negative in 1Q. If you could offer some thoughts on FX profitability impact for 2Q and beyond that would be helpful. Thank you.

Dave Anderson: Sure. Yes. So regarding the first part of your question, in terms of the royalties, those are really weighted to the first half due to North America. So — and we’re on track, Frank as you said. And I think we stated in our remarks to the $100 million target, which is, by the way, a royalty benefit. So it’s an expense reduction as well as income — royalty income increase on a year-over-year basis. Regarding the second part of your question, regarding foreign exchange, the first quarter was really due to the Turkish lira and we had pricing that mostly offset that impact. So, part of what we look at in terms of the pricing on the PVC was really offsetting that currency. We’re going to have a small benefit actually in currency anticipated for the second half and that’s part of what’s built into our forward guide. Hopefully that’s helpful.

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